At the same time, the negative consequences that development projects have for the intended beneficiaries are typically neglected. The term implies a promise of prosperity with consumption levels matching the western model.
The SDGs apply to industrialised countries as well. More recently, “development” has also embraced sustainability (Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs). Strategies of “development” have ranged from modernisation and structural adjustment with a focus on industrialisation and economic growth, to a focus on satisfying basic human needs (Basic Needs Strategy) and reducing poverty (Millennium Development Goals – MDGs). But for the past 70 years, the term “development” has been filled with various, often contradicting meanings. To criticise a term and its impact, one first needs a clear definition of it. The term has had this normative meaning since US President Harry Truman stated in 1949 that the “development” of “underdeveloped” countries was a central goal of his foreign policy. In the context of policies concerning social, economic and political matters, “development” is seen as a linear maturation process culminating in an ideal state. The term “development” originally comes from biology and suggests an evolutionary process. Strategies for development devised by technocrats often do not match the everyday reality of the supposed beneficiaries. The term itself perpetuates colonial notions of domination and superiority. Clinical examples illustrate how the forming and testing of hypotheses require the cooperation of both subjective and objective listening.The West’s promise of “development” is contradictory and unachievable. Any form of looking or listening does to some extent preclude another, but to speak solely from a subjective or an objective perspective represents a regression in thinking to a form of naive objectivism or naive subjectivism. Subjectivity and objectivity are both necessary pathways to knowledge and are dependent on each other. Objectivity is the perception or experience of the external subjectivity is the perception or experience of the internal. The simplest definition of objectivity is a directional one. One cannot have a concept of subjectivity without a concept of objectivity, or an intersubjective perspective that does not include some agreed-upon concept of objectivity. Arguing against the notion of objectivity, analysts conflate it with the idealized notion of pure objectivity and then eliminate various technical devices in its name. The dichotomy between subjectivity and objectivity is a false one.
Analysts use the concepts of subjectivity and intersubjectivity to support many different technical recommendations this represents a misuse of theory.
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